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Last updated: 4th November 2024

Scope

This policy applies to all staff, volunteers and trustees in Mental Health Innovations (MHI). Safeguarding is everyone’s responsibility. Safeguarding in this context is the responsibility of the organisations to take reasonable steps to ensure that: all staff, volunteers and trustees:

Changes to or departures from this policy must be agreed in advance by the Head of Safeguarding, Clinical Director and Head of Operations. The board of trustees should be informed.

Any failure to follow this guidance will be addressed and may result in disciplinary action or exclusion from the organisation or its services.

Policy Statement

Safeguarding is everybody's responsibility. We believe that everybody is different and that diversity should be respected and celebrated. Everybody should be treated fairly, with accessible information, advice and support to help stay safe and maintain control of their lives.

We are dedicated to safeguarding everybody who comes into contact with our services by valuing them, listening to and respecting them, and by providing a safe environment so they can access the support they need.

This policy is in harmony with UK legislation and guidance.

We will operate in a way that aims to prevent abuse, neglect, exploitation and harm, and therefore safeguarding adults we come in contact with.

MHI recognises that ARH can be subject to multiple forms of abuse; psychological, physical, sexual, neglect, financial, discriminatory, domestic, modern slavery, organisational or self neglect. This can occur in both physical and virtual spaces.

MHI takes its responsibility to safeguard adults seriously in work with any partners. We endeavour to ensure that satisfactory safeguarding due diligence is carried out that satisfies governance and accountability requirements.

MHI recognises that health, wellbeing, ability, disability and need for care and support can affect a person’s resilience. We recognise that some people experience barriers, for example, to communication in raising concerns or seeking help. We recognise that these factors can vary at different points in people’s lives.

Policy principles and values

Everyone, regardless of age, disability, gender, race, religious belief, sexual orientation, gender expression or identity and relationship status has the right to equal protection from all types of abuse under this policy.

We are dedicated to safeguarding adults from all walks of life by valuing, listening to and respecting them, and by providing a safe environment so they can access the support they need.

We keep the ARH at the heart of our safeguarding practice with an understanding of when to maintain or when to break confidentiality (see confidentiality point 10).

In all interactions with a service user we will attempt to establish the service user's age so we follow the appropriate legislation and to facilitate any related external reporting. This may happen through:

While we may not be able to verify the service user’s age or statements such as these, we will use our best effort to establish age and will treat texters as adults with regard to safeguarding where they give us reasonable grounds to.

Approaches to adult safeguarding should be person-led and outcomes-focused.

Approaches to adult safeguarding are underpinned by the following principles; empowerment, prevention, proportionality, protection, partnership and accountability.

The concept of ‘Person Centred Safeguarding’/’Making Safeguarding Personal’ means engaging the person in a conversation about how best to respond to their situation in a way that enhances their involvement, choice and control, as well as improving their quality of life, wellbeing and safety.

Legislation and statutory guidance

There is a legal duty on Local Authorities to provide support to ‘adults at risk’.

Adults at risk of harm (ARH) are defined in legislation and the criteria applied differs between each home nation. (see definitions for each home nation in Appendix A).

The safeguarding legislation applies to all forms of abuse that harm a person’s wellbeing.

The law in all four home nations emphasises the importance of person-centred safeguarding, (referred to as ‘Making Safeguarding Personal’ in England).

The law provides a framework for making decisions on behalf of adults who can’t make decisions for themselves (Mental Capacity).

The law provides a framework for all organisations to share information and cooperate to protect adults at risk.

Safeguarding Adults in all home nations is compliant with United Nations directives on the rights of disabled people and commitments to the rights of older people. It is covered by:

The practices and procedures within this policy are based on the relevant legislation and government guidance:

Country

Key legislation relating to adult safeguarding

England

Wales

Scotland

Northern Ireland

Each home nation also has legislation about the circumstances in which decisions can be made on behalf of an adult who is unable to make decisions for themselves:

Country

Key legislation relating to adult safeguarding

England and Wales

Scotland

Northern Ireland

There are specific offences applying to the mistreatment of and sexual offences against adults who do not have Mental Capacity and specific offences where mistreatment is carried out by a person who is employed as a carer: e.g. wilful neglect and wilful mistreatment.

Definitions of an Adult at Risk of Harm (ARH)

Definitions of an ARH differ between the UK home nations. For the purpose of this policy MHI have adopted the definition in England (Care Act 2014). (See Appendix A for definitions from all UK Home Nations)

An Adult at Risk is an individual aged 18 years and over who:

Mental Capacity

UK Law assumes that all people over the age of 16 have the ability to make their own decisions, unless it has been proved that they are unable to do so. A person should not be deemed as unable to make a decision for themselves just because it is deemed unwise.

The Law says that to make a decision a person needs to:

A person’s ability to do this may be affected by things such as learning disability, dementia, mental health needs, acquired brain injury and physical ill health.

Where a person’s disturbance or impairment of the mind makes them unable to make a specific decision and all steps have been taken to support them to make the decision they are likely to be deemed to not have capacity to make that decision at the material time.

It is important to note that mental capacity is time and decision specific. Whilst a person may not be able to make decisions about one part of life they may be able to on another. Furthermore, mental capacity can fluctuate.

Mental capacity is important for safeguarding for several reasons:

PREVENT

Anybody concerned about, or making a report under PREVENT, must report their concern to the Head of Safeguarding.

Modern Slavery

MHI is not required to publish a Modern Slavery statement as it currently does not meet the criteria to do so. However, MHI fully supports the aims of the Modern Slavery Act 2015 and operates under a Modern Slavery Statement which can be located within its policy library.

Safeguarding Panel

All general enquiries to the Safeguarding Panel can be made via email to safeguarding@mentalhealthinnovations.org.

Confidentiality

MHI operates in full compliance with the UK GDPR and Data Protection Act 2018, which set out individual rights and freedoms in respect of personal data.

In principle, MHI maintains confidentiality in respect of interactions or interventions that an individual may have with the organisation and its services.

However, if safeguarding concerns arise in relation to a service user, these concerns may be reported externally as appropriate in each case.

If there is an safeguarding concern relating to a member of staff, volunteer or trustee these will be strictly confidential and dealt with on a needs to know basis within the organisation. Necessary information will be shared with external agencies on a needs to know basis i.e. via safeguarding referral, Disclosure and Barring Service.

If an adult disengages from an interaction it does not necessarily mean no further action will be taken. Internal or external safeguarding reports can still be made depending on the risk disclosed before the person disengages.

Where a service user exercises their right to be forgotten by requesting their personal data is deleted, the request will not be processed until the Safeguarding Panel has reviewed the interaction. This usually happens within 72 hours.

If we have a safeguarding concern that needs monitoring or reporting, or need to retain the interaction to meet an obligation to law enforcement, we may not fulfil the erasure request.

Roles and Responsibilities

In order to ensure all concerns, disclosures or allegations are handled appropriately and in a timely way, MHI has a number of designated positions that serve to develop and monitor safeguarding training and processes, and to ensure and facilitate compliance with relevant safeguarding obligations.

The list of roles is as follows (descriptions in Appendix C):

Managing allegations against MHI employees and volunteers

Any allegation or concern that an employee or volunteer has harmed or may have harmed an ARH must be taken seriously, managed promptly and sensitively regardless of the location of where the alleged incident occurred.

Depending on the situation the police and/or adult social care may need to be involved.

Disciplinary action may be required but this must always be done with HR.

All allegations must be reported immediately to the Head of Safeguarding and the Clinical Director.

Measures, such as suspension, may be required to manage the risk during the investigation. This must always be done in consultation with HR. Suspension is a neutral act that safeguards the employee and others. It is not to be used as punishment and is not an indication of guilt.

Following an investigation, it may be deemed necessary to share information with relevant regulatory bodies if the person is a registered professional.

Quality Assurance

We will carry out an independent external audit every three years.

Internal review of individual conversations by the Safeguarding Team on receipt of a report. Previous conversations are examined for practice purposes but also for safeguarding quality i.e. missed opportunities, risk assessment and management. If any learning or development is identified the report is shared with the Volunteer Support team or Clinical Supervision team for review.

Training

All volunteers and members of staff must complete basic safeguarding training relevant to the service they are volunteering for before they come into contact with service users. This includes training in our obligations under the PREVENT duty.

Supervisors and employed qualified conversation takers are required to complete additional training equivalent to Level 3 for Safeguarding Adults and Children.

In addition, all members of the Safeguarding Panel are required to complete training equivalent to Level 4 for Safeguarding Adults and Children.

Head of Safeguarding and the Safeguarding Manager will also complete Level 5 training for Safeguarding Adults and Children.

Trustees are required to complete charity trustee safeguarding training provided by the NSPCC.

Review

This policy should be reviewed at least annually.

Any changes to legislation or guidance should prompt an earlier review. To ensure that the policy remains up to date.

Appendix A: Definitions of Adult at risk of harm (ARH) across the UK home nations

England (Care Act 2014)

An adult at risk is an individual aged 18 years and over who:

  1. has needs for care and support (whether or not the local authority is meeting any of those needs) AND;
  2. is experiencing, or at risk of, abuse or neglect, AND;
  3. as a result of those care and support needs is unable to protect themselves from either the risk of, or the experience of abuse or neglect.

Scotland (Adult Support and Protection Act 2007)

An adult at risk is an individual aged 16 years and over who:

  1. is unable to safeguard their own well-being, property, rights or other interests,
  2. is at risk of harm, and
  3. because they are affected by disability, mental disorder, illness or physical or mental infirmity, is more vulnerable to being harmed than adults who are not so affected.

Wales (Social Services and Well Being Act 2014)

An adult at risk is an individual aged 18 years and over who:

  1. is experiencing or is at risk of abuse or neglect, AND;
  2. has needs for care and support (whether or not the authority is meeting any of those needs) AND;
  3. as a result of those needs is unable to protect himself or herself against the abuse or neglect or the risk of it.

Northern Ireland (Adult Safeguarding Prevention and Protection in Partnership 2015)

An adult at risk of harm is a person aged 18 or over, whose exposure to harm through abuse, exploitation or neglect may be increased by their a) personal characteristics and/or b) life circumstances.

  1. Personal characteristics may include, but are not limited to age, disability, special educational needs, illness, mental or physical frailty or impairment of, or disturbance in, the functioning of the mind or brain.
  2. Life circumstances may include, but are not limited to, isolation, socio-economic factors and environmental living conditions.

An adult in need of protection is a person aged 18 or over, whose exposure to harm through abuse, exploitation or neglect may be increased by their:

Personal characteristics AND/OR Life circumstances AND;

(c) who is unable to protect their own well-being, property, assets, rights or other interests; AND

(d) where the action or inaction of another person or persons is causing, or is likely to cause, him/her to be harmed.

In order to meet the definition of an ‘adult in need of protection’ either (a) or (b) must be present, in addition to both elements (c), and (d)

Appendix B: Types of abuse and neglect

These categories of abuse and neglect are drawn from relevant legislation and statutory guidance. Further detail in respect of individual categories can be found in the following link: Types of abuse.

It is essential that all MHI employees, contractors and volunteers are alert to the signs of abuse and neglect. Unless indicated otherwise, all of the below categories of abuse and neglect are potentially applicable to adults at risk as well as to children.

Abuse

The term abuse is used to describe when a person is intentionally harmed by another. This can be over a period of time but can also be a one-off action. It can be physical, sexual or emotional and it can happen in person or online. It can also be a lack of love, care and attention – this is neglect.

There are four main categories of abuse as follows:

Physical abuse

Physical abuse is when someone hurts or harms an individual on purpose. It includes:

It is important to remember that physical abuse is any way of intentionally causing physical harm to a person. It also includes making up the symptoms of an illness or causing a person to become unwell.

Neglect

Neglect is the persistent failure to meet an individual’s basic physical or psychological needs, likely to result in the serious impairment of the individual’s health or development. Neglect may occur during pregnancy, as a result of maternal substance abuse. For children and/or adults at risk, neglect may involve a parent or carer failing to:

It may also include neglect of, or unresponsiveness to, a person’s basic emotional needs.

Emotional abuse

Emotional abuse is any type of abuse that involves the continual emotional mistreatment of a child or adult at risk. It is sometimes called psychological abuse. Emotional abuse can involve deliberately trying to scare, humiliate, isolate or ignore the individual.

Emotional abuse is almost always a part of other kinds of abuse, which means it can be difficult to spot the signs or tell the difference, though it can also happen on its own.

Emotional abuse includes:

Some level of emotional abuse is involved in all types of maltreatment of a child or adult at risk, though it may occur alone.

Sexual abuse

In respect of adults at risk, sexual abuse includes the following:

Child sexual abuse is when a child is forced or persuaded to take part in sexual activities. This may involve physical contact or non contact activities and can happen online or offline. Children and young people may not always understand that they are being sexually abused.

Contact abuse involves activities where an abuser makes physical contact with a child. It includes:

Non-contact abuse involves activities where there is no physical contact. It includes:

The following points should also be kept in mind:

Those who were sexually abused as children and continue to be abused by perpetrators once they turn 18 should become the subject of a safeguarding adult enquiry if they have not already been subject to safeguarding children procedures.

Even when the sexual abuse, physical abuse and psychological abuse has stopped, many survivors will require some level of care and support as adults, due to the complex personal issues which they suffer as a result of the trauma they experienced. These can include mental ill health, self-harm, problematic use of illicit drugs or alcohol which can be compounded by interrupted education resulting in unemployment or low paid jobs with resulting economic insecurity. They may have already been involved with children’s social care, especially if they have been Children who are Looked After by the Local Authority.

In addition, some young adults may also be vulnerable to organised sexual abuse (OSA); being targeted for the first time as adults not as children. Those who have care and support needs due to learning or physical disabilities, especially if they are in residential accommodation, can be particularly vulnerable to such abuse.

Other Safeguarding concerns

The below sections set out additional circumstances and types of behaviour and events that would present safeguarding concerns. This is not an exhaustive list.

Domestic abuse

Domestic abuse is any type of controlling, coercive, or threatening behaviour, violence or abuse between people who are, or who have been in a relationship, regardless of gender or sexuality. It can also happen between adults who are related to one another and can include physical, sexual, psychological, emotional or financial abuse.

Domestic abuse can include:

Domestic abuse always has an impact on children. Being exposed to domestic abuse in childhood is child abuse. Children may experience domestic abuse directly, but they can also experience it indirectly by:

Extremism and PREVENT duty

In respect of extremism, terrorism and radicalisation, MHI follows statutory PREVENT duty guidance. Any concerns about radicalisation and extremist views or behaviours in relation to adults at risk or children must be reported as a safeguarding concern and will be dealt with according to our Tackling Extremism and Radicalisation Policy.

Extremism goes beyond terrorism and includes people who target the vulnerable – including the young – by seeking to sow division between communities on the basis of race, faith or denomination; justify discrimination towards women and girls; persuade others that minorities are inferior; or argue against the primacy of democracy and the rule of law in our society. Extremism is defined in the Government’s Counter Extremism Strategy 2015 as: “the vocal or active opposition to our fundamental values, including the rule of law, individual liberty and the mutual respect and tolerance of different faiths and beliefs. We also regard calls for the death of members of our armed forces as extremist”.

Female genital mutilation (FGM)

Concerns that a child or adult at risk has been, or may be about to be, subjected to female genital mutilation (FGM), fall under this policy and must be reported as a safeguarding concern. FGM involves the partial or total removal of external female genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons.

Forced marriage

In forced marriage, one or both spouses do not consent to the marriage and some element of duress is involved. Duress includes both physical and emotional pressure and abuse.

Forced marriage is primarily, but not exclusively, an issue of violence against females. Most cases involve young women and girls aged between 13 and 30, although there is evidence to suggest that as many as 15% of victims are male.

Honour based abuse

The term ‘honour crime’ or ‘honour-based violence’ embraces a variety of crimes of violence (mainly but not exclusively against women), including assault, imprisonment and murder where their family or their community is punishing the person. They are being punished for (actually or allegedly) undermining what the family or community believes to be the correct code of behaviour. In transgressing this purported code of behaviour, the person shows that they have not been properly controlled to conform by their family and this is to the ‘shame’ or ‘dishonour’ of the family.

Peer-on-peer abuse

Peer on peer abuse is most likely to include, but may not be limited to:

Online harms

Online harm (which includes online abuse and exposure to harmful content) is any type of harm that happens on the internet, facilitated through technology such as computers, tablets, mobile phones and other internet-enabled devices.

It can happen anywhere online that allows digital communication, such as, but not limited to:

The breadth of issues classified as relating to online safety is considerable. They can be categorised into four principal areas of risk:

Exploitation

The below sections set out examples of exploitation that raise safeguarding concerns as well as constituting, in many cases, criminal activity on the part of the perpetrator(s).

Child sexual exploitation (CSE)

CSE can happen in person or online. An abuser will gain a child's trust or control them through violence or blackmail before moving on to sexually abusing them.

When a child is sexually exploited online they might be persuaded or forced to:

Once an abuser has images, video or copies of conversations, they might use threats and blackmail to force a young person to take part in other sexual activity. They may also share the images and videos with others or circulate them online.

Gangs use sexual exploitation:

Children or young people might be invited to parties or gatherings with others their own age or adults and given drugs and alcohol. They may be assaulted and sexually abused by one person or multiple perpetrators. The sexual assaults and abuse can be violent, humiliating and degrading.

County lines

As set out in the Government’s Serious Violence Strategy, published by the Home Office, county lines is a term used to describe gangs and organised criminal networks involved in exporting illegal drugs into one or more importing areas within the UK, using dedicated mobile phone lines or other form of ‘deal line’. They are likely to exploit children and adults at risk to move and store the drugs and money, and they will often use coercion, intimidation, violence (including sexual violence) and weapons.

Child criminal exploitation

As further set out in the Government’s Serious Violence Strategy, where an individual or group takes advantage of an imbalance of power to coerce, control, manipulate or deceive a child or young person under the age of 18 into any criminal activity: (a) in exchange for something the victim needs or wants; and/or (b) for the financial or other advantage of the perpetrator or facilitator; and/or (c) through violence or the threat of violence, the victim may have been criminally exploited even if the activity appears consensual. Child criminal exploitation does not always involve physical contact; it can also occur through the use of technology.

Cuckooing

Cuckooing is a practice where people take over a person’s home and use the property to facilitate exploitation such as drug-dealing. It takes the name from cuckoos who take over the nests of other birds.

Victims of ‘cuckooing’ are often drug users but can include older people, those suffering from mental or physical health problems, female sex workers, single parents and those living in poverty. Victims may suffer from other forms of addiction, such as alcoholism, and are often already known to the police. Dealers often approach the victim offering free drugs in return for using their home for dealing.

Once they gain control, gangs move in with the risk of domestic abuse, sexual exploitation and violence. Children as well as adults can be used as drug runners. It is common for gangs to have access to several addresses. They move quickly between vulnerable people’s homes for just a few hours, a couple of days or sometimes longer. This helps gangs evade detection. By ‘cuckooing’, the criminals can operate from a discreet property which is out of sight, making it an attractive option. They can then use the premises to deal and manufacture drugs in an environment under the police radar. These gangs may use accommodation in rural areas, including serviced apartments, holiday lets, budget hotels and caravan parks.

When the criminals use the victim’s property for criminal enterprises, the inhabitants become terrified of going to the police for fear of being suspected of involvement in drug dealing or being identified as a member of the group, which would result in their eviction from the property. Some adults at risk may be forced to leave their homes, making themselves homeless and leaving the gangs free to sell drugs in their absence.

Organ harvesting

The trafficking in organs involves removing a part of the body, commonly the kidneys or a lobe of the liver, to sell often as an illegal trade. Organs can be taken illegally in a number of ways:

Forced criminality

Forced criminality occurs when somebody is forced to carry out criminal activity through coercion or deception. Forced criminality can take many forms, including forcing a person to carry out the following:

Forced criminality also encompasses social welfare fraud. This takes place when exploiters falsely apply for tax credits and other welfare benefits using the victim's details. It is not only the state that is the victim of social welfare fraud; there is often abuse used against the individual in order to coerce them into falsely applying for benefits.

Modern slavery

Modern slavery is a form of exploitation that both adults at risk and children may be subject to. This is referred to in more detail in our Modern Slavery Statement.

Disclosures of non-recent abuse

MHI recognises the long-lasting impact of historical abuse. Where possible we aim to identify any ongoing risks to the survivor as well as any other individuals. We aim to follow our reporting guidelines where others may still be at risk.

Appendix C: Roles and Responsibilities

Trustees

The Charity Commission stipulates that safeguarding should be a leading priority for all trustees. As part of their duties, trustees should ensure that MHI:

Trustees are required to take reasonable steps to ensure that anyone who comes into contact with the charity is not exposed to any abuse or harm.

One trustee must fulfil the role of Designated Trustee for Safeguarding (DTS), and take responsibility for safeguarding governance and practice. This trustee:

Alongside the Clinical Director, ensures that all Board members are fully briefed on safeguarding issues across the organisation.

Chief Executive Officer (CEO)

The CEO of MHI is responsible for:

Clinical Director

The Clinical Director holds lead responsibility for safeguarding within MHI’s Senior Management Team and is responsible for:

Head of Safeguarding

MHI’s dedicated Safeguarding Panel is led by the Head of Safeguarding who is responsible for:

contact with MHI and its services are protected from harm.

external organisations as required.

Safeguarding Manager

The Safeguarding Manager reports to the Head of Safeguarding and is responsible for:

Designated Safeguarding Officers

The Designated Safeguarding Officers (DSOs) are members of the Safeguarding Panel and are responsible for:

Deputy Designated Safeguarding Officers

The Deputy Designated Safeguarding Officers (DDSOs) are members of the Safeguarding Panel and are responsible for:

Clinical Supervisors

Clinical Supervisors are responsible for:

Volunteer Support Team

Members of the Volunteer Support Team are responsible for:

Volunteers

Volunteers are responsible for: